Joann woke up late for work this morning because she slept through her alarm. On her way, she had to take a detour because of a traffic accident. After lunch, her boss told everyone that they would have to work late because the corporate managers were coming for an unplanned inspection early the next morning. As a result, Joann had to cancel long-standing dinner plans with an out-of-town friend. These events are examples of __________.