The limiting factors for these scenarios are density dependant or density-independent.
The growth or decrease of a population depends on factors that can or cannot be related to the number of inhabitants that the population has.
In conclusion, a volcanic eruption covering everything in ash and killing almost all living things is a density-independent limiting factor. The increase in the population of elks and the decrease in their food source is a density dependant limiting factor, which makes elks compete for food. Lastly, part of a forest being clear cut to make room for buildings, and decreasing the available habitat for species is a density-independent limiting factor.
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