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A key relationship in the transformation from rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates is Cartesian coordinates.

What is cartesian coordinates?

In a plane, a Cartesian coordinate system is a system of coordinates that designates each point uniquely by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines to the point, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference coordinate line is referred to as a coordinate axis or simply axis (plural axes) of the system, and the origin of each line is at the ordered pair intersection (0, 0). Assigned signed distances from the origin, the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes can likewise be used to determine the coordinates.

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